Which orientation best describes Stage 2 in Kohlberg's moral development?

• A. Instrumental and hedonistic orientation; acting to further one's own interest
• B. Interpersonal acceptance orientation
• C. Law and order orientation
• D. Social contracts and utilitarian orientation

Answer: (A)

Stage 2 in Kohlberg’s theory is described as instrumental and hedonic orientation. At this stage, what feels right is determined by how it serves the individual’s own needs and interests, with a practical sense of reciprocity—you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours. Actions are motivated by personal gain and immediate incentives rather than by conforming to rules or pursuing fairness for its own sake.

This aligns with the option that characterizes Stage 2 as acting to further one’s own interests in a self-centered but reciprocal way. It isn’t about seeking approval from others (that’s more about fitting in with others and occurs at a later stage), nor about obeying laws and maintaining social order, nor about recognizing broader social contracts and universal rights. Those latter descriptions fit the higher stages of development.