What is the second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development and its age range?

• A. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt; 18 months to 3 years
• B. Trust vs Mistrust; birth to 18 months
• C. Initiative vs Guilt; 3 to 6 years
• D. Industry vs Inferiority; 6 to puberty

Answer: (A)

The second stage is Autonomy against Shame and Doubt, which typically occurs from about 18 months to 3 years. At this period, children start trying to do things for themselves—picking up toys, dressing, feeding, and exploring their environment. When caregivers support these efforts with patience and reassurance, the child develops a sense of autonomy and belief in their own abilities. If independence is overly restricted or met with harsh judgment, the child may feel shame or doubt about their capabilities, leading to dependency. This stage follows Trust vs Mistrust (birth to around 18 months) and precedes Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 years).