In etiology, which dimensions are involved?

• A. Biological, Psychological, and Social
• B. Genetic only
• C. Environmental factors only
• D. Cultural influences only

Answer: (A)

Etiology is best understood through the biopsychosocial model, which holds that biological, psychological, and social factors all contribute to the development of a disorder. The biological dimension covers genetics, brain chemistry, and physical health that can influence vulnerability or resilience. The psychological dimension involves thoughts, emotions, coping styles, temperament, and learned behavioral patterns. The social dimension includes relationships, family dynamics, cultural expectations, socioeconomic context, and support systems that shape how risks manifest and are managed. These factors don’t act in isolation; they interact to shape outcomes—for example, a genetic predisposition may increase risk, but its expression can be amplified or mitigated by coping strategies and social environment. Choosing only genetics, only environmental factors, or only cultural influences overlooks these interconnected influences, which is why the full set of biological, psychological, and social dimensions best explains etiology.