Albert Bandura is best known for what type of theory in association with the cognitive-behavioral approach?

• A. Social learning theory about the role of self-efficacy to change.
• B. Classical conditioning theory.
• C. Attachment theory.
• D. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Answer: (A)

Bandura’s work centers on learning that happens through watching others and through how people think about themselves and their actions, which becomes Social Learning Theory and later Social Cognitive Theory. This approach fits the cognitive-behavioral framework because it links observable behavior with internal thought processes and beliefs that influence change. A central idea is self-efficacy—the belief in one’s ability to organize and execute the actions needed to manage future situations. When people have higher self-efficacy, they tend to put in more effort, persist longer, and handle challenges better, making change more likely.

Self-efficacy develops through mastery experiences (successfully practicing skills), vicarious learning (observing others succeed), verbal encouragement, and interpreting physiological and emotional states in ways that support action. This focus on how people think about themselves and their abilities, combined with learning from the social environment, is what makes this theory the best answer in the context of cognitive-behavioral approaches.

Classical conditioning is about learning by association, not the social-cognitive processes Bandura emphasized. Attachment theory centers on early bonds and relationships, while Maslow’s hierarchy describes human motivation in terms of needs.